• Swiss EPFL and the US NWU researchers reach 25.3% efficiency in perovskite cells.
  • 3-mercaptopropionic acid improves contact between perovskite and substrate.
  • This innovation prevents clumping of molecules by breaking carbazole clusters.
  • These cells maintain 95% performance after extreme temperature and humidity.

EPFL = École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, NWU = Northwestern University