TNO, a Netherlands-based research organization focused on applied sciences, has partnered with Fraunhofer ISE, a Germany-based solar energy research institute, along with Lightyear, IM Efficiency, and Sono Motors to conduct a nine-month trial “SolarMoves” of vehicle-integrated solar panels across European roads. According to Fraunhofer ISE, eighteen vehicles including delivery trucks, passenger cars, and city buses were operated over 1 million km in the Netherlands and North Germany. TNO has reported that rooftop panels generated about 2.8 kWh per square meter annually, while side-mounted panels produced nearly half of that yield. Findings confirmed that solar integration was able to supply up to 50% of passenger car energy needs in Southern Europe and around 35% in Central Europe. TNO has added that shading conditions and user behavior were critical factors, while validated predictive models closely aligned with measured performance data, supporting further testing scheduled in Southern and Eastern Europe during 2025 before the final 2026 report.