Qatar University, in collaboration with QEERI and Fraunhofer CSP has conducted a study on PV efficiency loss due to soiling in desert climates. It reviewed anti-soiling and anti-reflective coatings, covering materials, synthesis methods like sol-gel and spray pyrolysis, and surface properties. The study analyzed optical performance, durability, and field reliability. Laboratory techniques such as UV–Vis, SEM, AFM, and contact angle measurements were used, along with real-world testing. Standardized IEC and ASTM tests evaluated coatings under UV exposure, thermal cycling and abrasion.As per researchers, results showed coatings reduced soiling, enhanced light absorption and improved long-term output. Dual-function coatings lowered cleaning needs while raising efficiency.