Nankai University, a China-based research institution, has developed an argon plasma polishing (APP) method to enhance efficiency and stability in n-i-p perovskite solar cells. The technique removes soft surface layers, exposes a more stable sub-surface, and modifies surface composition to improve the 2D/3D heterointerface. According to Nankai University, APP enables more complete conversion of organic amine salt ligands into 2D perovskite, reducing non-radiative recombination losses. The improved interface has enhanced structural integrity and surface uniformity, which are critical for consistent device operation. Consequently, the average power conversion efficiency has been improved from 22% to 22.8%, with a maximum power efficiency of over 23.5%. The research shows how focused surface treatment may address fundamental passivation issues and facilitate the wider application of robust perovskite solar technologies.