TransitionZero, a UK-based non-profit energy research organization, has modelled India’s 2030 power grid at hourly resolution across five zones to assess clean electricity strategies for commercial and industrial consumers. The modelling has focused on 5% of national demand from users who are seeking either hourly or annual carbon-free electricity matching. According to TransitionZero, 70% hourly matching has resulted in over ₹9,000 crore (~$1.08 billion) in net system cost savings and ₹6,000 crore (~$720 million) in operational cost reductions compared to annual matching. TransitionZero has found that the cost of emissions abatement is ₹9 (~$0.11) per kg of CO₂ under hourly matching, whereas it is ₹29 (~$0.35) with annual matching. Solar PV combined with 4-hour BESS has been identified as the most cost-effective solution, with 1MW of PV paired optimally with 2MWh of storage. TransitionZero has stated that long-duration storage was considered economically unviable. The model is based on India achieving its NDC targets, including 500GW of non-fossil capacity and 44GW of BESS.